Abstract

Euthanasia, derived from the Greek for "good death," addresses the ethical dilemma of alleviating suffering for terminally ill patients while navigating complex debates on personal autonomy and the sanctity of life. This research explores its historical evolution from ancient Greece, where it symbolized a dignified end, through periods of condemnation in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, to contemporary discussions spanning clinical, legal, political, religious, and ethical dimensions. Despite support from ethicists and utilitarian perspectives, euthanasia remains contentious, especially in Western Christian-majority countries, amidst advancements in life-prolonging therapies and palliative care. Different forms—voluntary, non-voluntary, involuntary, and assisted suicide—present unique ethical challenges, largely opposed by religious doctrines upholding the sanctity of life. Advocates argue euthanasia upholds autonomy, prevents undue suffering, and respects dignity, advocating for its legalization under stringent safeguards to prevent misuse and ensure equitable access. Opponents stress concerns about life devaluation, potential abuse, and ethical burdens on healthcare providers, advocating instead for enhanced palliative care to honor life without discrimination. Globally, legal approaches vary; Switzerland permits assisted suicide, Oregon's Death with Dignity Act allows physician-assisted death, and India recognizes passive euthanasia. High rates in Canada and the Netherlands reflect principles of individual rights and suffering relief, with evidence from Belgium and the Netherlands supporting coexistence with robust palliative care. Emphasizing a deontological framework, this research underscores patient autonomy and thorough decision-making processes. While advocating for improved palliative care, it supports euthanasia as a compassionate option for those facing unbearable suffering, ensuring strict guidelines preserve dignity and autonomy.

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