Volume 5, Issue 6 / 2023

The research paper on “AI-augmented public health administration in sub-Saharan Africa: addressing challenges in Ghana's cyberlaws regimes for smooth and effective use” highlights the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize public health systems in Ghana. However, it also brings attention to the challenges posed by the Cyberlaws Act (2008) and Act (2012), which hinder the smooth and effective use of AI. To ensure a seamless integration of AI into Ghana's public health system, it is imperative that these challenges are addressed. Firstly, the outdated Cyberlaws Act must be revised to accommodate advancements in technology. The rapid pace at which AI is evolving necessitates a legal framework that can keep up with its capabilities. Secondly, there is a need for increased collaboration between policymakers, healthcare professionals, and technology experts. This collaboration will facilitate an understanding of how AI can be effectively utilized to address public health challenges specific to Ghana. By involving all stakeholders in decision-making processes, we can ensure that AI solutions are tailored to meet local needs. Furthermore, capacity building initiatives should be implemented to equip healthcare professionals with the necessary skills to leverage AI technologies effectively. Training programs should focus on data analytics, machine learning algorithms, and ethical considerations surrounding AI applications in public health administration. In conclusion, addressing the challenges presented by Ghana's Cyberlaws Act (2008) and Act (2012) is crucial for harnessing the full potential of AI in public health administration. By revising legislation, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and investing in capacity building initiatives for healthcare professionals, we can pave the way for a smooth and effective use of AI in improving public health outcomes across Ghana.

“It's because of your genes.” This statement has likely been encountered on multiple occasions throughout your lifetime when discussing our height, weight, eye colour, hair colour, and so on. Genetic makeup is a constituent element of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), encompassing pertinent information regarding said characteristics. How implausible would it appear if you were informed that one of these genes could be subject to patenting? Is it verifiable that individuals can indeed obtain patents for genes? Given that organisms, their constituents, and any natural entities are not eligible for patenting, how does such a patent come about? To a certain extent, your line of reasoning is valid, yet it is crucial to acknowledge that gene patenting does indeed exist, with over 5,000 genes having been patented in the United States. However, whether gene patenting should be legally permissible is currently debated. Before exploring the numerous socio-legal and ethical quandaries surrounding this issue, it is essential to establish a concrete definition of this concept. The double helix structure of DNA, the genetic makeup of living things, was discovered, completely altering the study of biology. Since then, scientists have made significant progress in their knowledge of how DNA functions and how variations in DNA result in individual variances. However, the recent decade's quick advancements in biotechnology have made it possible for businesses, researchers, and “bioprospectors” to change nature's creations for financial gain. Getting the patent rights to an organism or one of its elements is a crucial technique for private exploitation in this domain. We must decide whether any company, organisation, or person should have the right to private ownership of life because these advances impact every aspect of society. It is widely acknowledged that the patent system's benefits to the community cannot be discounted. However, it is still being determined whether applying the patent system to DNA sequences accomplishes its intended objectives, including encouraging innovation for the common good and rewarding individuals for useful new inventions. Although their legitimacy is questionable, some patents that claim ownership of DNA sequences have already been granted. Because inventors who assert rights over DNA sequences get protection on all uses of the sequences, many patents have wide-ranging and contentious impacts because they directly collide with numerous moral and ethical dilemmas. We have tried to analyse several aspects of DNA patenting in light of this dispute.

This abstract provides a concise overview of the key procedures and legal frameworks designed to safeguard the rights and well-being of two distinct categories of children: those in need of care and protection (CNCP) and those in conflict with the law (CCL). These procedures are fundamental in ensuring that children, regardless of their circumstances, receive appropriate care and support. For children in need of care and protection, the procedures primarily revolve around the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and domestic legislation. It involves identifying children at risk, assessing their needs, and providing them with a safe and nurturing environment, often through child welfare agencies. Additionally, it includes family support services, foster care, or, when necessary, placement in institutions. In contrast, children in conflict with the law follow a separate set of procedures. These involve legal safeguards and due process rights to protect their rights and interests. Key elements include access to legal representation, confidentiality of proceedings, and a focus on restorative justice when appropriate. Diversion programs and rehabilitation efforts play a crucial role in helping CCL reintegrate into society and prevent recidivism. Efforts are made to distinguish between these two categories of children and ensure that CNCP are not criminalized, while CCL receive the necessary support and guidance to rehabilitate and reintegrate into society. Balancing the rights and welfare of children in need of care and protection and children in conflict with the law requires a comprehensive approach that combines legal, social, and psychological interventions. This abstract highlights the importance of these procedures in promoting the well-being and rights of all children, emphasizing the need for a child-centric approach in policy and practice.

This research paper explores a transformative proposal within the realm of democracy and governance, focusing on the sub-theme of "Judiciary and Artificial Intelligence." The persistent challenge of case disposal backlog in the Indian judiciary has prompted an innovative solution – the integration of AI-based judges. These judges, powered by advanced machine learning algorithms, possess the potential to expedite case resolution while ensuring fairness and accuracy. Furthermore, this paper delves into the multi-faceted benefits of this proposal. Not only does it address the longstanding issue of case backlog, but it also offers an opportunity to empower unemployed software engineers, tapping into their expertise to develop and refine AI systems for the judiciary. This synergy not only provides meaningful employment but also promotes technological innovation within the legal domain. While acknowledging the invaluable qualities of human judges, this research underscores the importance of a hybrid model that combines the strengths of both AI-based and human judges. By preserving human empathy, contextual understanding, and the ability to consider social factors, this approach ensures optimal outcomes in the justice system. The implications of this proposal reach beyond the judiciary, impacting democracy and governance on a broader scale. As we delve into this visionary initiative, this paper underscores the potential to modernize the justice system, making it more efficient, accessible, and equitable. The research paper calls for further exploration of this ground breaking concept, underscoring its significance in transforming our justice system and positively impacting the lives of many.

In this research paper, the author discusses the main argument that deals with the issue regarding “corporate criminal liability”. In distinguish between the corporate criminal liability under Indian penal code as well as companies act. While analysing my topic the author also highlights the role of judicial interpretation for determining the liability under companies act. Beside this aspect of corporate criminal liability in the USA is an important aspect of my research paper This research paper is structured as follow after giving overview of the topic, later discussing the growth of industrialization and control of multinational corporation in capitalist world. It will also address the how company as a legal bodies commit a crime and how they get punished. the role of memorandum of association and article of association regarding the determination of power of the company to perform the act which make the liable for any criminal offence and the test determining the corporate criminal liability in India.

In the Indian legal system, the phenomenon of children committing petty theft, burglary, pickpocketing, or begging which may lead to their involvement in more serious crimes, is recognized as "juvenile delinquency" or "children in conflict with the law" (Boman & Gallupe, 2020). Juvenile delinquency refers to the participation of minors in criminal activities, and it is a significant concern in India, as a large proportion of individuals who commit crimes are under the age of 18 (Boman & Gallupe, 2020). This qualitative research based on secondary data aims to assess the effects of rehabilitation programs in juvenile centers, and look forward to various laws for the betterment of Juvenile offenders in India. When children in conflict with the law are placed in correctional institutions, it is important to ensure that they continue to receive education and general knowledge (Fadila et al., 2021). Providing educational opportunities to these children can prevent them from becoming disengaged from learning and help them reintegrate into society after leaving the correctional institution (Fadila et al., 2021). This study suggests that there is a strong need for methodologically advanced treatment efficacy studies that are more exact in their characterization of violence and either primarily target or undertake separate analyses for aggressive adolescents. Preliminary data suggest that some integrative therapies may be effective.

The case of Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. and Others v. Union of India (UOI) and Others (1986) involved a writ petition filed under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court recognized the significance of freedom of expression and the press, stating that any fiscal imposition on the newspaper industry should be subject to judicial review. The Court emphasized that curtailments on freedom of speech and expression are not justified in the general public's interest. The judgment upheld the importance of a free press in a democratic society and called for prudence when imposing taxes on the newspaper industry. This paper conducts analytical study on the landmark case law Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) pvt. Ltd. and Others v. Union of India (UOI) and Others (1986)

This research article undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of the implementation of indigenous and tribal laws in India, scrutinizing the legal obligations that govern these unique legal frameworks. India, with its diverse cultural and ethnic landscape, recognizes the significance of preserving and protecting the rights of indigenous and tribal communities. However, the effectiveness of implementing these laws remains a critical area of inquiry. The study initiates by providing an overview of the historical context and evolution of indigenous and tribal laws in India, highlighting the constitutional provisions and international commitments aimed at safeguarding the rights of these communities. It examines the legal obligations imposed on the Indian state to protect, promote, and implement these distinct legal systems, drawing parallels with global practices and standards. Through a comparative lens, the article analyzes case studies of different states within India, considering variations in the recognition and enforcement of indigenous and tribal laws. The research explores the challenges faced in integrating these legal systems into the broader national legal framework, with a focus on issues such as conflicting laws, jurisdictional complexities, and the role of customary practices. Furthermore, the article investigates the role of governmental institutions, judiciary, and other stakeholders in ensuring the effective implementation of indigenous and tribal laws. It critically evaluates the mechanisms in place for dispute resolution, resource allocation, and community empowerment within the context of these legal frameworks. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the intersection of indigenous and tribal rights with the mainstream legal system in India. The comparative approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses in the implementation of these laws, offering insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and academics to enhance the legal protection and empowerment of indigenous and tribal communities in the country.

Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 (BNS2, 2023) is one of the three newly passed Criminal Law Bills that have duly received the President's assent on 25.12.2023 and is supposed to substitute the Indian Penal Code, 1860 in the coming time. Though the new regime of laws purports to bring a paradigm shift in the realm of criminal laws by putting an end to the colonial code contemporarily in force, the BNS2, 2023 suffers from substantial hiatuses, which affords public attention and cannot be overlooked at the outset. Furthermore, it seems from the scheme of the newly enacted law that it inclines more towards the government and provides substantial provisions for stultifying the critiques from voicing their arguments against the government. This Legislative Comment is intended to provide positive criticism, comprising two limbs of submissions taking two crucial aspects within its fold. The first submission, trailing the introduction, highlights the negative impact of deleting the equivalent of Section 377 of the IPC, 1860, from the BNS2, 2023. Meanwhile, the second submission highlights how the legislators have seemingly strengthened Section 124A of IPC, 1860, that is, the sedition law in force in India more in favour of the government. Towards the conclusion, the authors propose changes to the BNS2, 2023, filling up these shortcomings spotted and discussed in the two-fold submission.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, and the healthcare sector is no exception. In the West African healthcare sector, particularly in Ghana, AI has the potential to greatly enhance supply chain management for vaccine distribution. By analyzing relevant case studies and concrete examples of countries that have successfully implemented AI in their vaccine supply chain management, as well as the World Health Organization's (WHO) operations on vaccine distribution, it becomes evident that AI can significantly improve efficiency and effectiveness. One country that has successfully implemented AI in its vaccine supply chain management is Rwanda. Through a partnership with Zipline, an autonomous drone delivery company, Rwanda has been able to deliver vaccines and medical supplies to remote areas efficiently. The drones use AI algorithms to optimize routes and ensure timely deliveries. This technology has not only improved access to vaccines but also reduced wastage due to spoilage. Another example is India's successful implementation of electronic vaccine intelligence network (eVIN). This system uses AI algorithms to track real-time data on vaccine stocks, storage temperatures, and distribution across the country. As a result, India was able to streamline its vaccine supply chain management and reduce stockouts by 80%. This demonstrates how AI can enhance decision-making processes by providing accurate and timely information. The WHO also recognizes the importance of efficient vaccine distribution. In collaboration with UNICEF and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, they have developed a platform called "Smart Vaccination Management System" (SVMS). SVMS utilizes AI technologies such as machine learning and predictive analytics to optimize vaccine allocation based on population needs and disease prevalence. This ensures equitable distribution of vaccines across countries. In conclusion, implementing AI in supply chain management for vaccine distribution in the West African healthcare sector with a focus on Ghana can yield significant benefits. Case studies from countries like Rwanda and India demonstrate how AI can improve efficiency by optimizing routes, reducing wastage through real-time data tracking systems like eVIN, or ensuring equitable distribution through platforms like SVMS. By embracing AI, Ghana can enhance its vaccine supply chain management and ultimately improve healthcare outcomes for its population.