Eco Feminism a New Horizon of Feminist Movement, Its Socio Economic Aspect in Present Globalized World as well as India

I. Introduction

Feminism is connected to the socio economic and political equality of the female with male. It’s mainly started as a movement in the form of protest by the women to uphold their various rights. Whoever talked about women empowerment and preserving of women’s equal right in different arena are called feminist. So feminist is the women’s right activist. Generally, from the medieval era women were confined to the household works in private life. They were not allowed to take part in societal, political and economic development. Women’s suffrage or women’s right to vote by law were not accepted in ancient Greece, Rome, UK etc. in 20^th century they got the right to vote in various countries like New Zealand, Australia, Norway, Finland and Sweden later on from 1914 to 39 women got the same right in country like Canada, Germany, Austria, Poland, Brazil, Myanmar, Hungary, Cuba and Philippines. After the ceasing of World War 2 France, Italy, Romania, China and India join the group. We can go back to the 14^th and early 15^th century in France to see the first feminist philosopher Christine de Pisan who challenged the unequal activities the women in the society and later on the movement was carried forward by Laura Cereta who published ‘personal latter in 1488’. In late 16^th century this attitude came to England and after some series of satiric articles about women was published. This time the authors were engaged in penned out about the women’s right and ultimately the ray of renaissance started to spread to new philosophy on the movement of equality towards the both sexes.

Eco Feminism and Environmentalism are connected issue in the new horizon of globalized world. When environmentalism weeded to women’s right and movement and connected to the equality of women in case of natural resources protection and exploitation we called it eco feminism. Indian eco feminism movements are also part of world’s eco feminism and struggle for survival relating to environment and sustenance and gender inequality in India’s environmentalism is also our focus of discussion. This paper wants to through light on Eco feminism and its impact in present day and various global and National movements of ecofeminism. Author mainly relied on Doctrinal study and object of the study is to answer This branch of Feminism s role and impact in today’s world environmentalism specially climate change movement. Eco feminism is a gender-based analysis which explores patriarchal views in Economic aspects of the society. Ecofeminism throw light on oppression of women as well as Nature which has a great social impact. Economic impacts and socio ecological realities are connected issues. To ensure sustainable future we must concentrate on Ecofeminism as a part of social movements. Conventional economy knows the tradition of women’s service in housekeeping, preparing foods, fight for pollution free environment locally or nationally. Ecofeminists declare Nature as a feminists issue an gender based oppression of women and nature are correlated. Ecofeminism talks about socio economic problems and male domination over nature and women. The climate crisis is a global problem and can be properly answered by ecofeminits as women are responsible for house hold work and child education. Earths ecology is connected to economy and vulnerability of women has impact on sustenance.

II. Nature and emergence of eco feminism

The movements relating to sustenance and right to life in environmental scenario especially in eco feminism grows in Indian arena are not very ancient in origin. Chipko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolon all can be cited as eco feminism movement in India. In Europe anti-military movement and in US movement against dumping of hazardous waste, Green Belt movement in Kenya all can be called as eco feminism movement. The movement has micro and macro level directions and connection between women, politics and environment are sometime dominant by gender equality race and class. Ecology and feminism interwoven in the concept of eco feminism and which feminist action is to upheld their right to environment. According to eco feminist Ynestra King “eco feminism is about connectedness and wholeness of theory and practice…. (it sees) the devastation of the earth and her beings by the corporate warriors and the threat of nuclear annihilation by the military warriors as feminist concerns. It is the same masculine’s mentality which would deny us our right to our own bodies and our own sexuality and which depends on multiple systems of dominance and state power to have its way” (King 1983).²

Women’s activism against ecological threat, extinction on life on earth or genetic engineering, bio technology, patriarchal domination over the women and violence all can be a issue of protest which lead to women’s liberalization. Philosopher Karen Warren (in 1987) defines it as “eco feminism builds on multiple perspective of those who perspective are typically omitted or undervalued in dominant discourses for example – Chipko Women – in developing a global perspective on the role of male domination in the exploitation of women and nature. An eco feminist perspective is there by …. Structurally pluralistic, inclusivity and contextualize, emphasizing through concrete example the crucial role context plays in understanding sexist and naturist practice”.³

III. Women’s role in global environmental movements

The women folk’s role in global arena and environmentalism differs from North to South that is developed to developing countries. In developed countries the women’s are more educated and conscious and raising their voice against urban pollution where as the developing countries women are agitating mainly against the livelihood concerns specifically in rural areas. In the famous book ‘Silent Spring’ in 1962 Rachel Carson first wrote about the concern of environment due to using of pesticides and she can be called of Mother of Environment movement. Another woman named Elinor Ostrom was a great activist and pointed out the exploitation and lack of accession in natural resources in her book ‘Governing the Commons’ in 1990 in which she talked about sustainable management of natural resources through collective actions. In 1978 a housewife named Lois Gibbs was a eco feminist to save her child from toxic chemical dumps near the school and organized people by creating and association and movement in 1997 Julia Butterfly climb 55 miter tall California coast redwood tree to prevent the destruction of the forest and stayed for the 2 years and enhancing her protest.

Brazil is a blessed country having Amazon Rain Forest which has the great influence in World eco system and sustainable and multiple use of such forest management was practice of rural Amazonian women and with the help of secretariat of women activist of CNS the women were assembled in capacity building and promote sustainability and forest movement. Marina Silva was famous Brazil environmentalists who were assassinated for defending Amazon environment.

In Thailand the women’s movement to protest environment was grown in 1960’s when forest was declined. Through afforestation were played by peasant Thai women.

In China Dai Qing a journalist protesting over a Dam Project on Yangtze River. Japanese women are also very vigilant and also took part against pollution agitation. The Minimata Campaign in 60’s was the examples of eco feminist movement were the mercury poisoning in the river, sea and lakes are protested.

In India environmental movement are raising various questions and can be categorized on various category including forest policy, land use, dam projects, pollution control and exploitation of natural resources especially marine projects. The marginalized dalit women, tribal’s, environmental victim all are concern about sustainable leaving and protested. We can name ecological movement of Champaran District in 1917 encouraged by Mahatma Gandhi. Usha Mehta was a great Gandhian freedom fighter and Padma Vibusan was a eco feminist and fought for various reasons including environment. She has a great role in ‘Slat Satyagraha’.

Indian women are agitating against environmental degradation from various part of the country and we can traced back in 1731 the name of Bishnois of Rajasthan, Amrita Bali of Khejaralli Village who fought for environmental cost and considered as first women environmentalist of the world who encouraged the great eco feminist of named Bachni Devi and Gouri Devi of Chipko Movement.

Narmada Bachao Andolon was led by great activist Medha Patkar which is a great social movement by Adivasis and Environmentalists as well as farmers and human right activists against the Dam Project of Holy Narmada River involving three main states Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharasthra. Sardar Sarobor Dam in Gujrat was the point of agitation first which is a part of Narmoda Dam Project. Narmoda Bachao Andolon has a great impact over the Indian Society which comprised hunger strikes, rallies and gathering support from famous personalities. Baba Amte (the great Indian Social Worker and Padma Vibhushan and many other famous prize holder) along with Medha Patkar (the social activist for upholding tribal and dalit rights and women injustice). Were the main activist and spoke person of this movement.⁴ Medha Patkar was the founder member of this Andolan and fought for injustice done to the people by the Dam project and constructed National Alliance of Dam Project (NAPM) she is the main activist of the environmental protest and can be regarded as main eco feminist of India. In this great movement she organized solidarity march for thirty six days in the neighboring states of Narmoda Valley and become famous and by using the right of fasting she undertook 22 day first to save the holly river.⁵ Though Sardar Sarobar Dam was inaugurated in 2017 by the Prime Minister of India the contribution of Medha Patkar in NBA Movement create national impact which was famous through the slogan “Vikas Chaiye, Vinas Nahin” (Development wanted not the destruction).

So in India we can name Amrita Devi, Bachni Devi, Gouri Devi, Medha Patkar, Sunita Narayan, Bandana Shiva, Aruna Roy, Rashid Bee, Champa Devi Shukla, Maneka Gandhi, Sugata Kumari and many more as environmental activist.

The nature of eco feminism denotes a strong connection between the women and environment and oppression of women in natural movement and rights which lead to the question why we take the issue of environment as a feminist issue or feminist issues in which connection can be addressed in environmental concerns. The activists highlighted the fact that ecology is a feminist issue and they are Susan Griffin (1978) and Mary Daly (1978), Carolyn Merchant (1980), Ynestra King (1981), Ariel Kay Salleh (1984), Karen Warren (1987, 1990), Val Plumwood (1993) and others. There are various ecofeminist having fundamental issues connected to nature environment and women’s right. It can be called a value system having social impact and political analytical connection having great importance on environmental degradation. It is a kind of awareness and awakening about the fact that exploitation of nature and suppression of women hood in environmental issues are linked. According to them a person having the need to understand the inter relation of life process and procedure with nature and all life forms. Human beings are the intellectual species of the mother earth they can have the power to be coexisting with nature and natural flora and fauna. We have to understand that female folk have the same importance, chance of growing in every sphere like men and gender inequality in environmental protection right should be addressed as violence to the females and environment are dominant in this developed global scenario still. Carolyn Merchant in 1992 divided this theory into liberal, radical and socialist theory and lights. This movement demanded equity for women in environmentalism. In liberal mode they can be explained as a problem which are created by exploitation of natural resources and absence of regulation by the state which can be outweigh by social production having environmentally sound technology which certainly wants better science and technological protection and conservation laws. This eco feminism upheld the doctrine of women empowerment by educating them as natural resource conservators, lawyers, scientist, and green bench judges, national and state level green policy creators etc. Thus the theory of eco feminism strives towards accelerating the human connection with nature through laws and regulations. Though it can be said just by creating green activists, scientist, lawyers and judges will not serve to solve the environmental degradation.

The radical activists analyzed the environmental degradation in a critical way as a patriarchal society critique they stressed on the liberation of men and woman.

In India environmentalism was embedded with ethics since ancient time and the powerful women on Vedic Era like Gargi, Maitreyee, Apala, Biswabara were very much aware about nature and woman connection and created so many hymns offering to mother nature which includes mother goddess and river, moon, trees etc. were worshiped. Eco feminist pointed out about the woman’s limitation relating to natural movement due to their vulnerable nature.

IV. Eco feminist framework and global literature

In 1993 Greta Gaard and Lori Gruen wrote an essay on eco feminism named “eco feminism towards global justice planetary health” in which they tackled about the eco feminist framework, data and theory and critique which help to understand global scenario of the issue. They stressed on four sides to explain the framework. According to them the mechanistic materialist model of the earth are direct result of scientific evolution, the patriarchal society there establishment and gender inequality hierarchies are on rise and denial of divinity are evident. Self and other kind of dualism having inherent power of dominance and capitalism is the main source of exploitation of peoples and planet while creating wealth. They said the four factors are separation between nature and culture which is the main source of our planetary ills.⁶

There are various literature by the eco feminists which directly connected to oppression and domination of all vulnerable groups (women, children, poor) oppression of nature, animal, land, water etc. Francoise d’Eaubonne in her book Feminismeou la Mort (1974) pointed out on such exploitation, domination and environmental damage. Sussan Griffin 1978, (Woman and Nature), Carolyn Merchant 1980 (Death of Nature) all traditionally authored on eco feminism. Ecofeminist theory asserts that capitalism reflects only paternalistic and patriarchal values. This notion implies that the effects of capitalism have not benefited women and has led to a harmful split between nature and culture.⁷ From seventies scholars tried to made distinction in that issue and stressed on the fact that woman, natural exploitation and oppression all are connected issue in male dominance though we called earth as mother earth and refer the globe as female there are a link between women environment and traditional natural exploitation. Bandana Shiva and Eco feminist stressed on the fact that woman has specific connection to the environment through their daily activities which is underestimated. According to her woman in subsistence economies produces “wealth in partnership with nature, have been experts in their own right in holistic and ecological knowledge of nature process” she pointed out that this are oriented to social benefit.

Susan A Mann a sociology professor and eco feminist considered that woman played an important role in this activism and she associates the starting of eco feminism not as feminist but connected to different race, class, background of different women with environmental issues. In 28^th century women folk are very much active in protection of wild life, food, air and water.⁸Influential writers of eco feminism are Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, and Rachel Carson.⁹

V. Eco feminism in 1970’s and 1980’s and 21^st centuries in india and world

In 1973 Chipko movement in Uttrakhand for forest conservation can be named as a main environmental activism by the women which structured the future environmental movements in a non violent way which took notice about deforestation and ecological degradation were women named Gouri Devi, Suraksha Devi, Sudeshna Devi, Viruskha Devi, Bachni Devi took a vital role.

In Kenya Green Belt movement which is a movement by indigenous grass route nongovernmental organization for environment conservation. The aim of the movement was to make community consciousness relating to justice, equity and environmental conservation and organizing rural women of Kenya to encourage in afforestation and combat destruction of tree and natural eco system. Wangari Matthai in 1977 started is planting 51 million trees 13 thousand women trained in forestry, food processing, bee keeping etc.

In 1978 Lois Gibbs and US environmentalist was very much active on environmental crisis and fought for environmental justice her protest was oriented in a built of a toxic dumpsite which spreading of illness pregnant women and children and resulting birth defect of the babies and her movement led to evacuation and rehabilitation of 800 families by the US government.

Women and environment is an integral issue in feminist approach and in 1980 & 81 women organized a protest a pentagon demanding equal rights in various spheres of life.

In 1985 Katsi Cook are native American midwife environmentalist fought for reproductive health in her home community can also be regarded as eco feminist. She was in activism against toxic contamination of water of her community children and world at large but due to gender inequality and racism in environmentalism her activism was subversive.¹⁰

In 1989 Bernadett Cozart founded coalition. Greening of Harlem coalition in New York city near the Harlem river also an example of eco feminist movement which was aim to make community gardens in that area which will be beneficial to mankind.¹¹

Eco feminism isconnection between women and their surrounding which initiates the connection between women and their environment globally or nationally. In India’s movement towards environmentalism be the women are mainly Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andalon. The rural Indian women and existence of political economy creating a complexity in eco feminism movement in India though Indian scenario of damaging ecology should be answered without gender in justice as India represents the developing countries in global scale. Patriarchal system of oppression is presented in India and climate change is the main and biggest issue of modern globalized world nay India which should be answered properly through eco feminism. The International climate conventions are ratified by the Indian environmentalism and Indian women are also very vigilant from indigenous to modern stretcher to fight against environmental degradation. The Dalit and Adivasi Movement in different parts have great social impact and economic value which is originated from eco feminism idea.

Eco feminism is an idea developed in seventies and continued till date and the feminism debate is liberated to include environmental concerns in European National levels and a radical change can be seen from the exploring of the concept in various spheres. Gender equality and post-feminist debate is a fundamental concept in environmentalism with a great relationship with the women and nature. In early 1990 National and International level practice in gender main streaming was started within human right jurisprudence and right to equality discourse advocated by United Nations in various conventions. CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women) and Baizing conference (1995) for women, UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio Convention, Rio +5, Rio +10, Rio +20, Agenda 21 all conventions are ensured women connection in environmental movement and lastly chapter 24 of 1992 convention included with various objectives namely “Global action for women towards sustainable development and equitable action”. World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) though was not satisfactory advancing women’s equality in environmental matters though it included plans of implementation regarding that. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) refers both gender and agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals all are connected to women issues an environmentalism. World Bank also incorporates gender equality in its programmes effectively and both men and women have the relatively equal contribution towards global inequality economically. Practically women are better able in preservation of natural environment and future ways of eco feminism can be seen in the light of gender main streaming from 1980’s.

VI. Women and climate change movement

Climate change is a socio economic environ and legal issue of present world which are just need to be addressed now as time is running out and we have to save our beautiful habitat not only for us but for all living creatures. Greata Thunberg of Sweden recently a name can be called as great ecofeminist who is successful to assemble whole world children in Friday for future movement.As8% of women is affected by climatic change they need to comeout in solidarity. USA Greenpeace activist Emilie Slotine pointed out climate change and capitalism are connected and said “it is a patriarchal economic model that has historically been perpetuated by men and always overlooked people of colour, women and marginalized groups”¹²UN women has contributed large in UNFCCC s COPS and involved in Gender Action Plan. Dilruba Haider of Bangladesh specialist in climate action emphasized on Women’s participation in climate resilience.¹³Victoria Tauli Corpuzisan special activist on indigenous peoples right speaks on indigenous women’s participation on climate action. worlds famous climate activists are Christiana Figures, RhihnaGunn Right, Hilda Heine, Tessa Khan, Rachel kyte, Kate Marvel, Sunita Narain, Anny simpson, Greta Thunberg, Kotchakorn Voraakhom, Miranda Wang, Katharine Wilkinson, Wu Changuaetc whom we can easily called as present ecofeminists.

VII. Impact of ecofeminism in economy and society

Ecofeminism looking forward to sustainable living. which ensures energy consumption, environmental impact on economic activity, enhances standard of living through green technology use by women in household work, ensures employment, education It stress on development in every sphere like, spiritual, material and financial wellbeing. It helps to reduce capitalist patriarchy and oppressivepractice. Social and ecological connection is stronger, social reproduction is necessary for economical wellbeing which is the direct fruit of ecofeminism. Women force are sometime main labor force and gender equality, women’s participation in societal work, environmental activities all are helping issue which have great impact on society at large. Environmental activism and impact needs care and distribution of feminist concern to protect and preserve it.

VIII. Conclusion

The eco feminism movement is and can be easily coined as post modern movement in environmentalism which having a critical aspect and impact in society and economy and polity. The challenges of decaying of Mother Nature are an important issue in National and International level and women’s right to preservation of environment can be regarded as salient feature of eco feminism. In the past 50 years of the movement, it is evidence that incorporating gender equality in policy making in global and local level specially in environmentalism is a new trend under the UNO canopy a new attitude towards gender main streaming is grown day by day which ensuring the equality and feminist concern in climatic matters. European Union policy making are also focused on gender main streaming in environmentalism. They have published gender mainstreaming policy guidance on waste management in 1999 which can be stated as good achievement in this regard. This type of movement a lacking of financial support and have gap in implementation of policy and philosophy with redefining principles in UK Women’s Environmental Network (WEN) was founded to counter patriarchal bias in environmental campaigning.¹⁴Gender issue should be carefully addressed in climate change tackling and there is an urgent need of women’s involvement of the women in the decision making specially in Greenhouse Gas Emission, Mitigation, Capacity Building, Adaptation etc. though in the developing countries that is the Global South women are not properly educated and engaging in household work in rural areas and liable for more pollution. Denton (2000)¹⁵ argues that the women in South are more vulnerable in climate change. Mitigation strategies include the using of green technologies with various mechanisms like CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), Joint Implication (JI) and women can be targeted for using such technology in household areas, in food processing, agricultural activities, forest management especially in rural areas. IPCC in his 3^rd assessment report stressed on public awareness and women’s movement and gender sensitive organizations have a critical role in local environmental protection and climate change mitigation. Feminism sets a balanced gender equality in every sphere Ecofeminism connects it with Nature and preservation of Human specially women with ecology. Gender inequality is a serious theat on sustainable development and Ecofenism upheld the right to environment of women and take a good role in natures preservation.

IX. Suggestion

1. Civil society especially women rights group should be formed to answer the eco feminism movement.

2. Government should take care about the formation of regulations which can enable women’s specifically to be involved in environmental protection measures.

3. Participation of women representative in various social cultural, economical issues under the banner of environmentalism should be encouraged.

4. Environmental education of the women is need of the hour to make them aware in maintaining natural resources.

5. Stronger movement with social cohesion be mitigating the gender gaps in every sphere especially environmentalism should be encouraged.

6. Climate change is a complex issue present globalized world which should be better access through mitigation and adaptation in which women can take a proactive role and the activist like Greta Thunbarg can be named as a harbinger of paradigm shift in eco feminism. Like Greta’s contribution every women from childhood to elderly level can be encouraged to take initiative in climate change movement and fueling the eco feminism as a whole.

7. Women should be direct decision makers in using green technologies to household work to combat climate change which can be beneficial for society and economy according to their practical needs so the recognition the role of women in using the energy technology can be answer to climate change mitigation eco feminism in present century.

8. UN conventions like Cop’s (Conference of Parties) are talking about technology transfer through expert groups (EGTT).

9. Environmentally sound technologies and their implementation is need of the hour and women’s lobby can ensure their concern while working with those groups. So UNFCCC should mandate proper women’s participation in such groups meeting and eradiating gender inequality.

10. Gender inequality and capacity building should be balanced through eco feminism approaches in climate change mitigation as women are vital actors having great potential in climate change mitigation specially Global South. So gender sensitive programmes with clean technologies use through CDM projects and incorporation of women more that in such project can increase the mitigation process and helpful for maintaining sustainable development goals.

11. Adaptation can be better done through gender sensitive approach especially in South an International community is concerning over climate change issues and adaptation so women’s participation in a comprehensive way in adaptation programme can be better for addressing climate change.

*****

X. References

1. Gender Angle to The Climate Change Negotiations, Article by Njeri Wamukonya and Margaret Skutsch, Energy & Enlivenment, Vol. 13, 2002

2. Ecofeminism in the Twenty – First Century Article by Susan Buckingham, Geographical Journal, Vol 170, No. 2, Published by Wiley on behalf of Royal Geographical Society, UK.

3. Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics, Stephanie Lahar, Hypatia, Vol. 6, No. 1, Ecological Feminism, Page 28 – 45, available at https://www.jstor.org

4. Denton, Fatma, 200. Gender impact of climate change: a human security dimension. Energia News, 3.3

5. https:www.1millionwomen.com.au/blog/what-ecofeminism.

6. https://en.wokipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement.

7. https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism

8. https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecofeminism

9. https://opentextbc.ca/womenintheworld/chapter/chapter-11-women-and-the-environment

10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_the_environment

11. https://papers.srn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3368066

12. https://feminisminindia.com/2019/10/29/is-ecofeminism-relevant-today

13. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are_there_any_interrelation_between_music_and_law_How_can_we_possibly_incorporate_music_theoy_into_developing_a_better_legislation

14. https://www.google.com

15. https://news.grida.no/gender-inequality

16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/ecofeminism

17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810031

18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451591

*****

Footnotes

1. Author is an Assistant Professor at Sister Nivedita University, India.

2. An article by Manisha Rao in Ecofeminism at the cross roads in India a review available in https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/dipartimenti/DSLCC/documenti/DEP/numeri/n20/13_20_-Rao_Ecofeminism.pdf, Net accessed by the author on 22-02-2020. ↩

3. An article by Manisha Rao in Ecofeminism at the cross roads in India a review available in https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/dipartimenti/DSLCC/documenti/DEP/numeri/n20/13_20_-Rao_Ecofeminism.pdf, Net accessed by the author on 22-02-2020. ↩

4. “MedhaPatkar and Baba Amte / Narmada BachaoAndolan The Right Livelihood Award”. www.right llihoodaward.org. Retrieved 25 October, 2016. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism, Net accessed by the author on 11-02-2020. ↩

5. “Over Her Dead Body”. Mother Jones. 27 June, 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2019. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism, Net accessed by the author on 13-02-2020. ↩

6. Gaard, Greta and Gruen, Lori (1993). “Ecofeminism : Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health”. Society and Nature. 2:1 – 35. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism, Net accessed by the author on 11-02-2020. ↩

7. Oksala, Johnna (Spring 2018). “Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology”. Hypatia. 33 (2) : 216-234. ↩

8. Glazebrook, Trish (Autumn 2002). “Karen Warren’s Ecofeminism”. Ethics & the Environment. 7(2): 12 – 27. Doi : 10.2979/ete.2002.7.2.12. ↩

9. Norlock, thryn J. (December 2011). “Building Receptivity: Leopold’s Land Ethic and Critical Feminist Interpretation”. Journal for the study of Religion, nature and Culture (Submitted manuscript). 5(4): 491-509. ↩

10. Doverspike, Nicole (2012). “Mother’s Milk Project”. English 487W Blog : West of Everything. Retrieved October 9, 2016. https://wn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism, Net Accessed by the Author on 12-02-2020. ↩

11. Bernstein, Emily (1993). “Neighborhood Report : Harlem; Sowing a Future With Green in It”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2016. https://wn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecofeminism, Net Accessed by the Author on 12-02-2020. ↩

12. Google.com/amp/s/qz.com, net accessed by the author in 13.2.2020 ↩

13. unwomen.org/en/news/in-f, net accessed by the author in 13.2.2020 ↩

14. Ecofeminism in the Twenty – First Century Article by Susan Buckingham, Geographical Journal, Vol 170, No. 2, Published by Wiley on behalf of Royal Geographical Society, UK.Available at www.jstor.org/stable, Net access by the author on 12-02-2020. ↩

15. Gender Angle to The Climate Change Negotiations, Article by NjeriWamukonya and Margaret Skutsch, Energy & Enlivenment, Vol. 13, 2002, available at www.jstor.org/stable, Net access by the author on 12-02-2020. ↩