Equal Opportunity for Evolution of All Countries in the Context Sustainable Development and Planning

I. Introduction

Sustainable Development Goals did not emerge in a flash there were some loop holes in the back policies which gave rise to it. Policy having loop holes was Millennium Development Goals which was setup for the development of countries in year 2000 by UNDP with the deadline of 2015, having 191 UN members in committee, who agrees upon the all 8 goals to make the goals successful for all the countries. The anti-poverty goals were following-

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: The globalization mobilization behind the MDG has rendered the most successful anti-poverty movement in history.

2. Achieve universal primary education: The overall number of out-of- school children has been declined far, although the pace of improvement has been insufficient to achieve universal primary enrolment by 2015. Currently millions of children which are of primary age estimated to be out of school, down from 2000.

3. Promote gender quality and empower women: Since 1995, when the Beijing Platform for Action on women’s empowerment was adopted, the global average proportion of women in parliament has nearly doubled, growing from 1995 to 2015. Women in parliament have achieved ground in 90% of the 174 countries for which data are available for 1995-2015.²

4. Reduce child morality: Focusing on newborns and reducing socioeconomic are critical to further accelerate progress in child survival.

5. Improve maternal health: In spite of progress made in reducing maternal mortality, hundreds of women die during pregnancy or childbirth- related complications every day.

6. Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases: Access to antiretroviral therapy has increased at a remarkable pace, averting millions of deaths. Unfortunately knowledge of HIV and HIV prevention remains low among young people. Similarly, increased global attention to the devastating effects of malaria has produced significant results, and the burden of tuberculosis has reduced.

7. Ensure environmental sustainability: In recent years, the net loss of forest area has slowed, due to both a slight decrease in deforestation and an increase in afforestation. Deforestation, forest degradation and poor forest management release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

A continual rise in greenhouse gas emissions is projected to further warm the planet and cause long-lasting changes in the climate system, threatening serve and irreversible consequences for people and ecosystems.

8. Develop a global partnership for development: Official development assistance has plateauted in recent years, after increasing significantly in the first decade of the new millennium. Imports from developing countries, especially from the least developed countries, increasingly receive preferential treatment from developed countries.

UNDP in collaboration with the UNDG and the Inter Agency Expert Group on targets and Indicators, has been providing technical and financial support to help countries report progress on their national MDG targets, and developing the MDG National Report Guidelines which are renewed every few years to reversed coming up development priorities and agendas.

Reasons for failure of MDG

• MDG’s failed because they only apply to the developing countries leaving under developing countries behind. This is important to emphasize on the under developing countries because the citizens of these countries are facing more poverty than in comparison to developing countries.
• MDG’s lack in gaining sustainable environment because the left sub tropical regions behind were there this lack of funding for investing in greener energy, developed countries and developing countries even though can spend on that.
• MDG’s presented a false sense of simplicity by leaving out critical aspects of development, overlooking harmful loopholes, and deviating from more ambitious agreements. While setting specific goals offers a way to progress forward, the format of a single goal-set encompassing all of development is not the most effective.
• To pave the way for continued development and economic growth for the world’s poorer countries, a narrower set of measurable development targets is needed.
• With fewer goals following the model of the eight original MDG a specific vision can be presented to the world, one that will improve the lives of hundreds of millions of people. That way, it’d be harder for government to ignore a massive global effort, given the relative modesty of the number of objectives.

II. Emanation of sustainable development goals

The Outcome Document of the 2010 MDGS requested the Secretary General to initiate thinking on the global development agenda beyond 2015. It also called for “increased efforts at all levels to enhance policy coherence for development while affirming that to achieve the MDGs mutually supportive and integrated policies across a wide range of sustainable development issues are required. Therefore, the necessity and opportunity for strongly linking the two discourses of the MDGs and SDGs is necessary because necessity is the mother of invention. These two processes would ultimately converge in one global agenda beyond 2015 with sustainable development at its core known as Sustainable Development Goals.

On 25^th September 2015, the UNGA adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal, along with a new set of development of many years of negotiation and was endorsed by all 193 member- nations of the General Assembly, both developed and developing – and applies to all countries UN Secretary General Ban-Ki-Moon. The SDGs comprise an ambitious 17 goals. While the SDGs do not explicitly target financial inclusion, greater access to financial services is a key enable for many of them.

The UNGA Open Working Group on SDGs agreed on and published a ‘zero draft’ proposal at the conclusion of its thirteenth and final session on the 19^th July 2014. The proposal contains 17 goals, accompanied by 169 targets. This list of goals and targets is, however, only temporary as the final decision on the SDGs and related targets will be taken during 2015. In fact, the post 2105 sustainable development agenda is expected to be adopted by UN Member States at summit in September 2015 at UN Headquarters in New York. By the end of 2014, the UN Secretary- General produced a synthesis report bringing together the results of all different work streams on the post 2015 development agenda to facilitate the General Assembly’s further deliberations. The SDGs are following:

1. No poverty

2. Zero Hunger

3. Good Health and well-being

4. Quality Education

5. Gender Equality

6. Clean water and sanitation

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

8. Decent work and economic growth

9. Industry innovation and infrastructure

10. Reduced inequalities

11. Sustainable cities and communities

12. Responsible consumption and production

13. Climate action

14. Life below water

15. Life on land

16. Peace, justice and strong institutions

17. Partnerships for the goals

The mandate to develop the proposal on the SDGs has been included in the Rio+20 Outcome Document, “The future we want” 2012, which incorporated the request to create an OWG with the task of developing the set of SDGs. It also provided the basis for their conceptualization, and instructed that such a list of goals should be coherent with and integrated into the UN development agenda beyond 2015. Therefore, Rio+20 needs to be considered a crucial milestone in the development process of the SDGs, and represents a key component to understand such a process. The Rio+20 Outcome Document dedicates a special section on SDGs- Chapter v. Framework for action and follow-up Section B- that at Rio+20, UN Member States agreed that SDGs must:

• Be based on Agenda 21 and the Jihannesburg Plan of Implementation.
• Fully respect the Rio Principles.
• Be consistent with international law.
• Build upon commitments already made.
• Contribute to the full implementation of the outcomes of all major summits in the economic, social and environmental fields.
• Focus on priority areas for the achievement of sustainable development, being guided by the outcome document.
• Address and incorporate in a balanced way all three dimensions of sustainable development and their inter linkages.
• Be coherent with and integrated into the United Nation development agenda beyond 2015.
• Not divert focus or effort from the achievement of the MDGs.
• Include active involvement of all relevant stakeholders, as appropriate, in the process.

In addition, the outcome document specified that the development of SDGs should:

• Be useful for pursuing focused and coherent action on sustainable development;
• Contribute to the achievement of sustainable development;
• Serve as a driver for implementation and mainstreaming of sustainable development in the UN system as a whole; and
• Address and be focused on priority areas for the achievement of sustainable development.

As briefly discussed above, the Rio+20 Outcome Document initiated such a process with the aim of developing a set of SDGs. Therefore several work streams were established in the form of an inclusive and transparent intergovernmental process.

• OWG of the general assembly on SDGs
• High level panel of eminent persons on the post 2015 UN development agenda
• UN system task team on the Post 2015 UN development Agenda
• National, global and thematic consultations
• Regional consultations
• Sustainable Development Solutions Network
• UN Global Compact

III. Glimpse of sustainable development goals

Goal 1: No Poverty (End poverty in all its forms everywhere) – The objective of putting goal one is that

• By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day.
• By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.
• Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable.
• By 2030, ensure that all men and women in particular the poor and the vulnerable have equal rights to economic resources as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services including microfinance.
• By 2030 build resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate- related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters.
• Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions.
• Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender –sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions.

Goal 2: Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) –

• By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year around.
• By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, b 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under the age of 5, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons.
• By 2030, double the agriculture productivity and incomes of small scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
• By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems that strengthen capacity for adaption to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and quality.
• By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, religion and international levels, and promote access to fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed.
• Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries.
• Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination if all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round.
• Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

Goal 3: Good Health and well-being (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages)

• By 2030 reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
• By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to all least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under 5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births.
• By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.
• By 2030 reduce one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
• Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
• By 2020 halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
• By 2030 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health national strategies and programmes.
• Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.
• By 2030 substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.
• Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate.
• Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines of the communicable and non- diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and in particular, provide access to medicines for all.
• Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small islands developing states.
• Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries for early warning risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.

Goal 4: Quality Education (Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all)

• By 2030 ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
• By 2030 ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education.
• By 2030 ensure equal that all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university.
• By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship.
• By 2030 eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous people and children in vulnerable situations.
• By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy.
• By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development including among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development.
• Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environment for all.
• By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing states and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries.
• By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states.

Goal 5: Gender Equality (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls)

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
• Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including adopt and trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.
• Eliminate all harmful practices, such as a child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.
• Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provisions of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate.
• Ensure women’s fill and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life.
• Ensure universal access o sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the programme of action of the international conference on population and development and the Beijing platform for action and the outcome documents of their review conferences.
• Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economics resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws.
• Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women.
• Adopt and strength sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all the levels.

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

• By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
• By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
• By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution. Eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, having the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
• By 2030 substantially increase water use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.
• By 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.
• By 2020 protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.
• By 2030 expand international cooperation and capacity building support to developing countries in water and sanitation related activities and programmes, including water harvesting desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies.
• Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy (Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern for all

• By 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.
• By 2030 increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
• By 2030 double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
• By 2030 enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology including renewable energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology.
• By 2030 expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries in particular least developed countries, small island developing states and landlocked developing countries in accordance with their respective programmes of support.

Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth (Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all)

• Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and in particular at least 7 % GDP growth per annum in the least developed countries.
• Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation including through a focus on high value added and labor intensive sectors.
• Promote development oriented policies that support productive activities decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation and encourage the formalization and growth of micro, small medium sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.
• Improve progressively through 2030 global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environment degradation in accordance with the 10 year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production with developed countries taking the lead.
• By 2030 achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.
• By 2020 substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment education or training.
• Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor including recruitment and use of child soldiers and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms.
• Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure of working environments for all workers including migrant workers in particular women migrants and those that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products.
• Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all.
• Increase aid for trade support for developing countries in particular least developed countries including through the enhanced integrated framework for trade-related technical assistance to least developed countries.
• By 2020 develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the global jobs pact of the ILO.

Goal 9: Industry innovation and infrastructure (Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

• Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well being with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.
• Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and by 2030 significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, double its share in least developed countries.
• Increase the access of small scale industrial and other enterprise, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets.
• By 2030 upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable with increased resource use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities.
• Enhance scientific research upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries in particular developing countries including by 2030 encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending.
• Facilities sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial technological and technical support to African countries least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states.
• Support domestic technology development research and innovation in developing countries including by ensuring a conclusive policy environment for inter alia industrial diversification and value addition to commodities.
• Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the internet in least developed countries by 2020.

Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities (Reduce inequality within and among countries)

• By 2030 progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40%of the bottom of the population at a rate higher than the national average.
• By 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status.
• Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and action in this regard.
• Adopt policies especially fiscal, wage and special protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality.
• Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations.
• Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.
• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people including through the implementation of such regulations.
• Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.
• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.
• Implement the principle of special and different treatment for developing countries, particular least developed countries, in accordance with WTO agreements.
• Encourage official development assistance and financial flows including foreign direct investment to states where the need is greatest in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing states and landlocked developing countries in accordance with their national plans and programmes.
• By 2030 reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%.

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable)

• By 2030 ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums.
• By 2030 provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women children, persons with disabilities and older persons.
• By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
• Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
• By 2030 significantly reduce the number of deaths and the numbers of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters including water-related disasters with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
• By 2030 reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.
• By 2030 provide universal access to safe inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.
• Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, pre-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.
• By 2020 substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adoption to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai-Framework for Disasters Risk Reduction 2015-2030 holistic disaster risk management at all levels.
• Support least developed countries including through financial and technical assistance in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials.

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns)

• Implement the 10 year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production patterns all countries taking action wit developed countries taking the lead taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries.
• By 2030 achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.
• By 2030 halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains including post harvest losses.
• By 2020 achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycles in accordance with agreed international frameworks and significantly reduce their release to air water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
• By 2030 substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse.
• Encourage companies’ especially large and transnational companies to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate substantially information into their reporting cycle.
• Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable in accordance with national policies and priorities.
• By 2030 ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature.
• Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production.
• Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products.
• Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions in accordance with national circumstances including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies where they exist to reflect their environmental impacts taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities.

Goal 13: Climate action (Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts)

• Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.
• Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning.
• Improve education, awareness raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaption, impact reduction and early warning.
• Implement the commitment undertaken by developed country parties to the UNFCCC to a goal of mobilizing jointly annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaning full mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the GCF through its capitalization as soon as possible.
• Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing states including focusing on women, youth and local and managerial communities.

Goal 14: Life below Water (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development)

• By 2025 prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds in particular from land based activities including marine debris and nutrient pollution.
• By 2020 sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts including by strengthening their resilience and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and production oceans.
• Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.
• By 2020 effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing illegal unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science based management plans in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics.
• By 2020 conserve at least 20% of coastal and marine areas consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.
• By 2020 prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing eliminate subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation.
• By 2030 increase the economic benefits to small island developing states and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.
• Increase scientific knowledge develop research capacity and transfer marine technology taking into account the IOCC and guidelines on the transfer of marine technology in order to improve ocean health and health to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries in particular small islands developing states and least developed countries.
• Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets.
• Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the UNC on the law of the sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources.

Goal 15: Life on land (Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss)

• By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and dry lands, in line with obligations under internationals agreements.
• By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.
• By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
• By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.
• Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.
• Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed.
• Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking and protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.
• By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species.
• By 2020, integrate ecosystems and biodiversity values into national and local planning. Development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.
• Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems.
• Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities.

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions (Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels)

• Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere.
• End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children.
• Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all.
• By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime.
• Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms.
• Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels.
• Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decisions-making at all levels.
• Broaden and strengthen participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.
• By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration.
• Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements.
• Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime.
• Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for SD.

Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals (Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for SD)

• Strengthen domestic resource mobilization including through international support to developing countries to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection.
• Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7% of gross national income for official development countries and 0.15 to 0.20% of ODA/GNI to least developed countries.
• Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources.
• Assist developing countries in attaining long term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing debt relief and debt restructuring as appropriate and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress.
• Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries.

IV. Current position of SDGs over world wide

Over all the latest global progress report on the SDGs paints a promising picture:

• More and more people are living above the absolute poverty line.
• Fewer children under age five are malnourished, thanks to steady food supply.
• The number of people dying from infectious and non-communicable diseases is steadily declining
• Fewer women die during childbirth.
• Unemployment is decreasing worldwide.
• The proportion of people living in slums has declined.
• More and more children, especially girls, have access to education.

These results align with those of the 2017 Social Progress Index, another important tool for measuring global sustainable development. This survey renounces the traditional, purely economic approach to measuring development and instead examines nations’ progress across 12 different social conditions, including “water and hygiene,” “personal safety,” and “tolerance and inclusion.”

The SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2018 present a revised and updated assessment of countries distance to achieving the SDGs. It includes detailed SDG Dashboard to help identify implementation priorities for the SDGs. The report also provides a ranking of countries by the aggregate SDG Index of overall performance. This year, three Nordic countries, Sweden, Denmark and Finland top the global SDG Index ranking yet all three still face major challenges in achieving the SDGs. Due to several changes in indicators and some adjustments in the methodology, the results from the 2018 SDG Index and Dashboard are not comparable to the 2017 results. In particular changes in country scores or rankings cannot be interpreted as SDG progress or regress since last year. The SDG Index and Dashboard Report 2018generates six additional findings:

• Most G20 countries have started SDGs implementation, but important gaps remain: Results from the novel survey SDG implementation mechanisms conducted by the SDSN and the Bertelsmann Stiftung show large variations among G20 countries in how the SDGs are embraced by the political leadership and translated into institutional mechanisms. Some countries have established dedicated coordination units, strategies and action plans, and accountability systems, while others lag behind on some or all of these dimensions. More data and analyses are needed to gauge the level of ambition and effectiveness of SDG strategies, tools and process.
• No country is on track towards achieving all SDGs: for the first time, we are able to show that no country is on track to achieve all the goals by 2030. For example Sweden, Denmark and Finland top the 2018 SDG Index but they need to significantly accelerate progress towards achieving some goals including Goal 12 (Sustainable consumption and production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action).
• Conflicts are leading to reversals in SDG progress: most developing countries have experienced significant progress towards ending extreme poverty in all its forms including income poverty, undernourishment, access to health and education services, and access to basic infrastructure. Achievement gaps are greatest towards universal completion of secondary education. Countries experiencing conflicts have experienced some of the sharpest reversals, particularly towards achieving Goal 1 (No poverty) and Goal 2 (No Hunger).
• Progress towards sustainable consumption and production patterns is too slow: high income countries obtain their lowest scores on Goal 12 (Sustainable Consumption and production) and Goal 14 (Life below water). While no trend data are available for goal 12 the data for goal 14 suggest that most high income countries have made no progress in recent years towards achieving the goal. Trends on goal 15(Life on land) are also insufficient. They show that further efforts are needed to protect the biodiversity and support sustainable production and consumption
• High income countries generate negative SDG spillover effects: high income countries generate significant environmental, economic, and security spillover effects that undermine other countries efforts to achieve the SDGs. Yet there is high variation in spillovers among countries with a similar per capita income. This suggests that countries can reduce their negative spillover effects without reducing their per capita incomes. Inequalities in economic and social outcomes require better data.
• Newly added indicators for OCED countries focusing on inequalities in economic, health and education outcomes lower the SDG Index scores for some countries. This suggest significant shortfalls in ensuring that no one is left behind which are hidden by aggregate data. Such disaggregated data are unavailable for most non-OCED countries so greater investments are needed to fill these data gaps.

Now it’s time for some bad news:

While the results of the SDG report and the Social Progress Index are generally promising some alarming trends require urgent action

• Economic growth has its disadvantages: as people around the world gain more work, more free time, and more disposable income, they are consuming goods at an unprecedented rate. However, increased consumption does not necessarily mean improved standards of living.

One disturbing consequence of the booming consumer economy is a worldwide rise in obesity. The widespread availability of processed, high-sugar foods coupled with increasingly sedentary lifestyles has led to a rapid increase in the prevalence of this issue. In Germany alone, the percentage of overweight adults escalated. This unfortunate trend suggests that obesity may soon because a public health challenge just as serious, widespread and intractable as world hunger.

“Obesity is becoming a major challenge in Germany.”

• Ecological sustainability is difficult to achieve: while great strides have been made in global economic and social development the environment continues to suffer. In spite of increased protective measures human activities continue to degrade natural ecosystems and drive climate change, as described in both 2014 and 2016 reports. The painfully slow transition to sustainable energy sources is a major source of this problem. In Germany for example the steady increase in driving has offset improvements made in fuel efficiency. Throughout the world, man-made deforestation continues to disrupt ecosystems and increase atmospheric carbon-di-oxide. The resulting decline in biodiversity melting of sea ice and glaciers and increase in average global temperatures poses a dire threat to all of us. Part of what makes social-ecological development so challenging is its inextricable link to the other SDGs.

V. Conclusion

Concluding from the research it gets clear that UN is working on a platform to deal with the problems which are on ground root level in every under developing and developing country but least in developed countries. Because from MDGs only developed country and developing countries being pushed up but from SDGs under developing, developing, small islands states so that the goal of equality in all of it forms should get complete. Equality does not only means gender equality but it also means equality of all countries, human-being of all countries in all perspectives so that when it comes to a one platform that is United Nations so every member is equal in its eyes no one is less neither there is discrimination so to abolish the inequality in all of its forms the SDGs goal are being set up by UNDP. Now if we will look every state is working on it from their end to overcome the problems whatever their state is facing. Every state is implementing the policies for betterment of their state and to achieve the SDGs. The main agenda behind the coming up of SDGs were to fill the gap which the MDGs were lacking because by the time need increased and MDGs were not sufficient to complete that as this is the age of globalization and liberalization so we need to come up the new innovation in every field so that we can achieve the goals which we are planning to achieve by the time.

VI. Recommendation

Sustainable development is a societal rather than an environmental challenge. Sustainable advances in human capacity are needed through improvements of educations and healthcare resulting among others in higher income and better environmental decisions.

Responsible consumption and production cut across several of the other transitions allowing us to do more with fewer resources we need to adopt a circular economy approach and reduce demand.

It is possible to decarbonizes the energy system around 2050 while providing clean and affordable energy for all including through energy efficiency more renewable and electrification.

Achieving access to nutritional food and clean water for all while protecting the biosphere and the oceans requires more efficient and sustainable food ecosystems, by increasing agricultural productivity and reducing meat consumption

Smart cities transforming our settlement patterns will benefit the world population and the environment such as through smart infrastructure decent housing and high connectivity.

Digital revolution science, technology and innovation need to support sustainable development. Much depends on the way the world will put the IT revolution to use continuing present trends or inverting them by asserting societal control over them.

Digital Revolution

Human Capacity & Demography

Consumption & Production

Smart Cities

Decarbonization & Energy

Food, Biodiversity & Water

VII. References

1. The_Sustainable_Development_Goals_(SDGs)_and_their_impact_on_the_European_SD_governance_framework.pdf

2. https://www.msn.com/spartan/dhp?locale=en

3. US&market=US&enableregulatorypsm=0&enablecpsm=0&ishostisolationenforced=0&targetexperience=default

4. https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=525773

5. Current position of sustainable development goal - Google Search

6. Position of SDG worldwide - Google Search

*****