Abstract

The swift advancement of facial recognition technologies (FRT) has created challenging ethical dilemmas regarding the trade-off between personal privacy and public safety. The conflict between developing AI technologies and upholding private rights is examined in this paper. This paper examines the complex ethical, regulatory, and privacy issues surrounding the rapid deployment of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) by law enforcement agencies in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU), and India. With FRT becoming a critical tool for crime investigation, public surveillance, and identity verification, its increased use by governments and law enforcement has raised significant concerns about privacy, civil liberties, and potential biases in implementation. In India, the widespread adoption of FRT has highlighted the country’s lack of a comprehensive legislative framework, as the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act remains under consideration, leaving biometric data largely unprotected. While the US, UK, and EU have introduced various regulatory measures, none fully address the potential for misuse of FRT, with the US notably lacking federal oversight and relying on a fragmented state-level approach. By contrast, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the proposed AI Act set a higher standard, demanding accountability and transparency. This paper explores the ethical challenges associated with balancing public safety, innovation, and personal privacy. Ultimately, it concludes that a global regulatory standard and stricter oversight measures are essential for responsible FRT deployment, ensuring that technological advancements do not compromise fundamental human rights. There is no standardized global human rights framework or regulatory requirements that can be directly applied to the rollout of facial recognition technology (FRT).

Keywords