Abstract

This paper explores the foundational framework of international space law as established by five key treaties developed under the auspices of the United Nations. The emergence of space law began in the mid-20th century, driven by geopolitical interests and the early achievements in space exploration by the United States and the Soviet Union. In response to the evolving need for regulation in outer space activities, the United Nations introduced a legal regime centered on peaceful cooperation and responsibility among nation. These agreements collectively establish a framework that prohibits national appropriation of outer space, promotes the peaceful use of celestial bodies, ensures the safety and rescue of astronauts, mandates liability for damage caused by space objects and requires the registration of such objects to promote transparency and accountability among State Parties. The Outer Space Treaty outlines general principles such as non-sovereignty, peaceful exploration, and equal access. The subsequent agreements provide mechanisms for cooperation, liability, and the sharing of information. The Moon Agreement supports these principles by particularly applying them to the Moon and other celestial bodies, thereby signifying that the outer space as the common domain of mankind. Together, these treaties emphasize international collaboration, impose legal and moral obligations on states, and reinforce the use of outer space for peaceful and scientific purposes. While international treaties are a primary source of space law, the legal structure is supported by national legislation, UN resolutions, and customary international law, all contributing to the development and enforcement of legal framework for space activities.

Keywords